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Milestone 01


Wildlife Trusts Habitat Banking Investment Model


Initial Project Scoping


Green Finance Institute / GFI Hive / Investment Readiness Toolkit / Initial Project Scoping / Wildlife Trusts Habitat Banking Investment Model

 Project Overview

A group of Wildlife Trusts and Finance Earth have created an investment model to deliver Biodiversity Net Gain (BNG) units with the use of upfront private finance, accelerating the delivery of high-quality local habitat banks.  The partnership includes four Wildlife Trusts – Berks Bucks and Oxon, Warwickshire, Cheshire and Surrey – that will create and restore habitats across their counties. By using private investment to create the habitats in advance of BNG sales, the Wildlife Trusts will have a higher volume of ‘post-enhancement’ units that will support the financial viability of the project over the long-term and remove the time delay between nature loss from development and off-site habitat creation.

 

Milestone 1: Initial Project Scoping

Often the initial task is to understand the site(s) you want to use and the land use change needed for nature restoration or creation. This includes considering the goals of the land managers involved, the vision within the wider catchment or neighbouring area, and whether there are permits or planning consent needed for any proposed changes.

At this stage, you can also conduct a high-level assessment to determine which revenue streams can be generated from ecosystem services , e.g. carbon credits, flood reduction cost savings, or biodiversity units, which will be crucial for identifying buyer interest.

Finally, it is useful to have an idea of the costs of the project and potential grant funding that may be available to support initial development.

Milestone 2: Identify and Work with Sellers

Initial ownership of the ecosystem services will belong to the landowners or, in some cases, the tenants of the sites that the project is using. However, these can be passed onto others, such as third-party project developers, with appropriate legal arrangements and compensation. In some cases, there may be a sole seller of the ecosystem services, where the site or landholding is large enough that it delivers the volume of ecosystem services needed to cover the costs of the project and attract buyers.

However, in order to achieve scale and impact, a project will likely involve multiple sellers, such as neighbouring farmers and estate managers. Scale of land is often needed to deliver significant environmental outcomes, and also to attract private finance. Project developers must plan how they initially contact and engage with these sellers going forward, building their wants and needs into the project.

Milestone 3: Baseline and Estimate Ecosystem Services

At this point, you will have understood the vision for the project and identified a particular ecosystem service or set of services to be sold. The next step will be to carry out detailed analysis – baselining each ecosystem service and quantifying what will be able to be delivered from the interventions, as well as planning how to monitor and maintain these interventions. You will need to rely heavily on ecological expertise for this more scientific Milestone.

At this step, standards, verification and accreditation methods will be considered in more depth.

Milestone 4: Identify and Work with Buyers

Based on your earlier market analysis in initial project scoping, you will have identified one or more groups of beneficiaries who may be willing to ‘buy’ or pay for the ecosystem service(s) to be created, restored or maintained. Buyers vary – as do their requirements – but at this step, greater buyer engagement is now needed to develop a deal that channels money towards the nature-positive outcomes that your project wants to deliver.

 

 

Milestone 5: Develop Business Case and Financial Model

You’ll have started building your business case and financial model in earlier steps – laying out your project’s vision, the market proposition and estimating costs and income. This step offers a review, in addition to providing details needed to build out the financial model and business case more fully. Both of these key documents will be iterated throughout project development, and will likely be altered during project delivery as new information emerges. These documents are interlinked and, if developed correctly, will ensure your project’s viability and help you with discussions with stakeholders – including sellers, buyers and future investors.

The financial model will also enable you to better understand the type of structure your project may take to attract investment (i.e.a loan, an equity investment, a bond) and what sort of returns you can afford to pay/offer.

Milestone 6: Develop a Governance Structure

A governance structure will inform the way in which the project is run when fully operational and for what purpose. It identifies appropriate decision making processes, who is responsible for what actions, and what controls are in place to make sure that the project is meeting its stated goals, all while abiding by the risk appetite of its engaged stakeholders. The legal entity to host the project will be a key driver in this, and the appropriate choice of entity will be dependent on several factors that are outlined below.

Your governance structure should align with and underpin your business case, as a necessary component of how the project will deliver its environmental outcomes and other strategic targets.

Milestone 7: Identify and Work with Investors

It is important to note that not all projects will need up-front investment, but for those that do, this section provides a framework for thinking around the development of the investment model. This does not constitute financial advice – as the GFI is not licensed to do so. However these considerations are based on the insight offered by project developers and other market stakeholders.

An investor will be a new core stakeholder in your project, and it’s just as important to think of what you require from investors, as much as what they require from you – so that you can build a positive and collaborative relationship with them.

This entails defining the investment ask (in line with the financial model), the strategy for approaching the right investors, and the negotiation of terms that can then be formalised in contract development (Milestone 8).

 

Milestone 8: Establish Legal Contracts and Closing

When all relevant stakeholders have been engaged and their terms of engagement are clarified as much as possible, this is the time to develop the legal contracts and close the deal. This stage is last because legal fees are expensive, and it is generally advised to determine as much as possible in previous stages before

Note: The information in this Milestone does not constitute any form of legal advice but instead serves as practical advice on how to manage engagement with lawyers and the process of contract development.

The Green Finance Institute is not a firm of solicitors or connected in any way with the courts. The information and opinions we provide in this section and across the Toolkit do not address your individual requirements and are for informational purposes only. They do not constitute any form of legal advice. We recommend that appropriate legal advice should be taken from a qualified solicitor before taking or refraining from taking any action.

Community Engagement

Community engagement is highly advisable for any project that aims to sell ecosystem services, to ensure fair outcomes for local communities and the long-term success of the project. Project developers can build connections with local stakeholder groups early on to spot both risks and opportunities.

Policy and Regulation

Project developers and enterprises will need to keep a continuous check on how current and future policy may affect the project, and also opportunities for the project to inform policy. The role of private finance for nature across the UK is being encouraged by the UK government and its devolved administrations, and new rules, standards and markets are being developed.

 
Acknowledgements 

 

With many thanks for their time and insight on this case study:

 

Prue Addison, Conservation Strategy Director, Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire Wildlife Trust

 

Alicia Gibson, Senior Associate Director, Finance Earth

Allan Benhamou, Associate, Finance Earth

 

 

Date published: 23/06/2023

Next Milestone

Project mandate

The Wildlife Trusts (WTs) have a commitment to seeing 30% of land and sea well managed for nature by 2030, in line with ambitions of the UK government and the post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework. However, their current funding model is reliant on traditional forms of public and third sector grant funding, which is insufficient to meet this ambitious ‘30 by 30’ target.

This project is run by a group of WTs and aims to meet this target by exploring the use of private finance, alongside other funding sources, to deliver biodiversity net gain (BNG).

It focuses on the work of three WTs: Berks, Bucks and Oxon Wildlife Trust (BBOWT), Cheshire Wildlife Trust (CWT) and Warwickshire Wildlife Trust (WWT). Surrey Wildlife Trust (SWT) were involved in a separate project with a focus on the development of a Natural Capital Investment Company but worked closely with this project to share knowledge around the development of BNG investment models.

Since July 2021, these four WTs and Finance Earth have been working to develop a scalable habitat banking model and create a positive impact for nature. Given the market opportunity for BNG units (see below), the WTs considered that they would be well-placed to support the delivery of high-quality habitat banks, due to their local partnerships and knowledge, credibility, capacity and experience enhancing landscapes for nature and communities. They also partnered with Finance Earth to explore financial structures and investment models.

Overall, the project has:

  • Developed a new WT habitat banking investment model that enables the delivery of BNG at scale.
  • Obtained indicative commitments from buyers/investors to enable WTs to deliver habitat banking pilots.

 

New market opportunity

The project’s revenue streams are based on the nascent BNG market for biodiversity units. From November 2023, BNG will become a legal requirement for nearly all property development in England – developers must deliver a 10% net gain in biodiversity by installing ecological interventions on site. If BNG cannot be achieved within the development site, developers must purchase offsite biodiversity units, calculated by Defra’s . Habitats that deliver these units must be maintained for a minimum 30 years. This is an example of a ‘compliance market’.

The WTs saw an opportunity to deliver significant biodiversity benefits and generate a supply of BNG units to meet development demand. The BNG market is expected to generate £200 million in revenues for offsite habitat creation per year in England (eftec BNG market analysis, 2021). Development pressure across the regions covered by the WTs creates an annual demand for 25,000 new homes, according to initial research undertaken by the project team of Local Plans.

The project team also saw that ‘patient investment’ could play a vital role in the project and the broader BNG market, due to how the Biodiversity Metric calculates units from habitats that are already established. The Biodiversity Metric applies specific ‘difficulty’ multipliers before a habitat has reached a target condition (‘pre-enhancement’) that reduces the overall number of units that can be sold. The Biodiversity Metric reduces these multipliers once a habitat has reached its target condition, thereby increasing the overall number of units generated when habitat conditions are met before units are sold.

As a result, and if project developers can meet up-front creation costs, they can receive up to twice as many BNG units from a site if these are sold post-enhancement, compared to an upfront sale. The project team therefore saw the potential for upfront investment to improve the financial viability of the project, and also minimise the time delay between nature loss from development and off-site habitat creation.

 

 

At the time of project development, the policy environment surrounding BNG was still being developed, with secondary legislation expected to be passed in 2023. As such, there were several uncertainties on how BNG policy would affect key aspects of the project, such as habitat banking registration, monitoring requirements, application of the Biodiversity Metric itself and any ability to ‘stack’ revenues from different ecosystem services. To help mitigate this, the project team had ongoing engagement with key BNG policy leads through the Natural Environment Investment Readiness Fund (see below) to provide feedback on policy challenges, address key uncertainties and understand the latest on policy developments as the project progressed.

 

Site identification and assessment

The project team decided to work with sites under different ownership arrangements to explore how the approach would work under a range of circumstances, including land under ownership, land acquisition and a land leasing structure.  Sites were identified through considering a range of factors, including:

  • Alignment to WT organisational objectives and ecological priorities.
  • Strategic location within a local nature recovery strategy priority area.
  • Near to established nature reserves to enable connectivity.
  • Suitable scale to deliver ecological benefits and cost efficiencies.
  • Biodiversity unit uplift potential based on a low initial baseline.
  • Local development demand.

Once these sites were identified, the project teams undertook a ‘site ecological baseline’ on each pilot site. The teams then explored different 30-year management approaches and ecological outcomes, and reached a preferred biodiversity uplift scenario that was run through the Defra metric to calculate the number of units that each site would generate. The uplift scenarios chosen were based on WT experience of land management for conservation outcomes that reflect the Lawton principles of creating bigger, better, and more joined up landscapes.

After determining the site baseline and target habitats, the project team then used the Biodiversity Metric to calculate the number of BNG units that could be generated.

It was also important at this stage to assess the potential local demand for BNG units, as their use to developers are restricted by the habitat’s geographic proximity to the development.

From this process, the project team identified three pilot sites to develop the investment model, covering an area of 128 hectares across the areas of three WTs. These are able to deliver between 540 and 1,130 BNG units, depending on the biodiversity unit selling strategy. The pilot sites are:

  1. Oxfordshire pilot site – a 45-hectare rewilding site located in the BBOWT area, next to an adjoining nature reserve. Planned interventions focus on habitat enhancement rather than habitat creation, such as the rewilding of wetland mosaic, scrub and woodland restoration.
  2. Warwickshire pilot site – a 62-hectare site in the Warwickshire WT area that sits next to a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). The site will be converted with the creation of grassland, heathland, wetland and woodland.
  3. Cheshire pilot site – a 45-hectare site in the Cheshire WT area. It is former agricultural land that will be enhanced with grassland, woodland and wetland creation.

Assuming a fixed price of £20,000 per unit over time (eftec (2021) BNG market analysis) and based on the sale of 540-1,130 units, these pilot sites could generate between £11m-22m of undiscounted BNG revenues over 30 years.

 

Next Steps

Following on from the site identification and assessment, the project team then financially appraised the sites, further developing the financial model and business case of the project as a whole. This involved:

  • a more detailed assessment of the BNG unit generation,
  • assessment of project viability by comparing costs and revenues
  • refinement of local demand assessment, sale profile and preferred sale strategy
  • Identifying the need for third party investment and financing options

 

Development Funding

The project received a £100,000 grant from the first round of the Natural Environment Investment Readiness Fund (NEIRF), a project development fund that was set up by Defra and is administered by the Environment Agency. Applications were submitted by February 2021 and funding was announced in July 2021. BBOWT led the preparation of the grant application, in collaboration with the partner WTs and Finance Earth.

The funding was used to commission Finance Earth as the financial advisor, commission Bidwell’s to provide BNG delivery guidance considerations, and cover a small proportion of WT internal time committed to the project. All project partners contributed substantial additional in-kind resources to the project beyond allocated funds.

 

 

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